The King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) and the Energy Research Institute (ERI) of China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) have initiated a joint study into how industrial energy productivity can improve economic prosperity. This study comes at a time of deeper bilateral cooperation under President Xi Jing Ping’s One Belt One Road Initiative and aims to increase understanding of key policies and driving forces around industrial strategy and energy use in Saudi Arabia and China.