Ratifying the Kigali Amendment Challenges and Opportunities for Saudi Arabia

The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol is an international agreement which continues the effort to protect the ozone layer but adds the phase out of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases that contribute significantly to global warming. The international efforts on the Montreal Protocol are some of the most successful ones, with projections that the ozone layer will be healed 80% by 2050. The Kigali Amendment uses the successful governance structure of the Montreal Protocol and complements the Paris Agreement by targeting HFCs, which contribute significantly to global warming. Its successful implementation depends on international cooperation, financial and technical support, and the continued development of innovative technologies. This commentary examines the tradeoffs if the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia decides to ratify the Kigali Amendment keeping in mind the critical role cooling plays in day-to-day life. It provides an overview of the historical context of the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment, analyzing how HFCs are used in sectors like buildings, automobiles, and manufacturing. The paper then discusses the challenges and risks that the Kingdom may face during the transition away from HFCs, emphasizing the importance of governmental intervention to support local manufacturing and promote sustainable practices. It addresses the critical role of cooling in KSA’s energy landscape and explores future strategies to ensure a smooth and environmentally responsible transition. Finally, we discuss recommendations on how to prepare for a potential ratification.