This report chapter shows that Paris-consistent climate pathways require both rapid emissions reductions and large-scale carbon dioxide removal. CDR is essential for balancing residual emissions and returning warming toward 1.5°C after overshoot, but it is not a substitute for cutting emissions. Early action reduces future dependence on CDR, while delayed action increases the need for much larger removals after mid-century. The chapter also highlights the importance of a diversified CDR portfolio, including land-based removals, BECCS, DACCS, enhanced weathering, biochar, and ocean-based methods, while stressing that large-scale deployment must be carefully governed to manage land, water, energy, biodiversity, and social impacts.
