Increasing demand for mobility will result in an increase in energy consumption and emissions from transportation. Governments worldwide are implementing regulations and policies to reduce vehicle tailpipe emissions, such as tailpipe CO2 emission standards, zero-tailpipe-emission vehicle mandates, and tailpipe criteria pollutant emission regulations. Historically, transportation technology and policy have been evaluated based on exhaust emissions; however, ignoring those emissions generated during fuel and vehicle production, distribution, and disposal in favor of zero-tailpipe-emission technologies in the future could have unintended consequences.
