Future of Transport and Fuel Demand Choosing to Diet: The Impact and Cost-effectiveness of China’s Vehicle Ownership Restrictions Anthony Liu, Rubal Dua, Wei-min Hu, Arthur Lin Ku Can voluntary carbon emission reduction pledges, such as the nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement, result in significant emission reductions? According to prominent experts such as Nordhaus (2015), Barrett (2005), and Weitzman (2019), free-riding is unavoidable in cooperative situations… Anthony Liu Dua, Rubal Wei-min Hu Arthur Lin Ku