Ex Situ Enhanced Mineralization (ESEM) has emerged as a viable CO2 utilization pathway and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy, leveraging industrial byproducts and silicate minerals to permanently sequester CO₂ in stable carbonate forms. Saudi Arabia, with its vast industrial landscape, including steel, cement, phosphate fertilizer production and oil refining, presents significant opportunities for large-scale ESEM deployment. This study systematically evaluates the potential of ESEM in the Kingdom by assessing the availability of mineral-rich alkaline industrial waste streams and estimating their CO₂ sequestration capacity.
