Ex Situ Enhanced Mineralization (ESEM) has emerged as a viable CO2 utilization pathway and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy, leveraging industrial byproducts and silicate minerals to permanently sequester COâ‚‚ in stable carbonate forms. Saudi Arabia, with its vast industrial landscape, including steel, cement, phosphate fertilizer production and oil refining, presents significant opportunities for large-scale ESEM deployment. This study systematically evaluates the potential of ESEM in the Kingdom by assessing the availability of mineral-rich alkaline industrial waste streams and estimating their COâ‚‚ sequestration capacity.
