Hasan, Shahid

  • Primary Program Utilities & Renewables
  • Research Interests Energy policies/regulations, markets and transitions

Biography

Prior to joining KAPSARC, Shahid was an associate director at TERI, an independent research institution working in the areas of energy, environment and sustainable development. As part of his managerial responsibilities, he was responsible for defining, providing direction, implementing research agenda. he has immensely enjoyed working in a team, guiding and mentoring fellow colleagues. As an energy specialist with research and consulting experience, Shahid has worked on various aspects of electricity market reforms covering a range of issues around energy-economics, energy-policy/regulation, energy-markets, energy-sustainability, pricing, DSM especially related to the electricity industry in India and abroad. He has interacted widely with policymakers, regulators, utilities (public and private), multi-lateral & bi-lateral organizations, and international research institutions. He also contributed to a number of government reports aimed to facilitate transition of the energy sector. Representation as energy sector specialist in a number of national and international expert groups/task forces etc.

Publications

See all Shahid’s publications
  • Discussion papers
  • Report
  • Data Insight
  • Instant Insights
  • Commentaries
  • KAPSARC journal articles
The Economics of Offshore Wind-Based Hydrogen Production in Saudi Arabia

The Economics of Offshore Wind-Based Hydrogen Production in Saudi Arabia

Offshore hydrogen production from offshore wind energy is gaining global attention as an appealing solution for scaling up green hydrogen production. The technoeconomic feasibility of integrating offshore wind into hydrogen production has been explored in various regions, but no comprehensive study exists concerning Saudi Arabia’s offshore wind potential. This work aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of producing hydrogen onshore versus offshore from wind power in the Red Sea. Via the use of a deterministic cost model, this study evaluates the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) for both configurations. The results show that offshore wind farm costs and floating foundations are the major drivers of capital expenditure (CAPEX). While onshore electrolysis remains slightly less expensive than offshore electrolysis, both configurations require substantial cost reductions to compete with alternative onshore renewable energy sources.

18th December 2024
How to Create a Hydrogen Market? Lessons from Electricity and Gas Markets on Pricing and Investment Approaches

How to Create a Hydrogen Market? Lessons from Electricity and Gas Markets on Pricing and Investment Approaches

To promote low-carbon hydrogen, which is produced in a way that results in no or near-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, for decarbonization, substantial investments are required across the hydrogen value chain. Despite the potential of hydrogen in several applications, various uncertainties hinder investment in production, transport, and infrastructure. Thus, it is crucial to address business-related risks to establish a thriving market for low-carbon hydrogen. This work assesses market reforms and advancements in the renewable energy (RE), natural gas, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) sectors to identify crucial market design features and relevant enablers that can support the creation of and transition to a hydrogen-based economy.

12th December 2024
A Maritime Sector in Transition – Learning from Other Sectoral Energy Transitions

A Maritime Sector in Transition – Learning from Other Sectoral Energy Transitions

The maritime sector currently contributes approximately 2.3% of global CO₂ emissions, with projections suggesting that this share could rise to 10%-13% by 2050, highlighting an urgent need for decarbonization. In response to the potentially catastrophic impacts of climate change, there is increasing support for transitioning the maritime sector to cleaner fuels such as hydrogen and its derivatives to achieve net-zero emissions in the sector. This study explores how lessons from other sectoral energy transitions can accelerate and enhance the maritime sector’s decarbonization process.

9th December 2024
Strategic Priorities and Cost Considerations for Decarbonizing Electricity Generation Using CCS and Nuclear Energy

Strategic Priorities and Cost Considerations for Decarbonizing Electricity Generation Using CCS and Nuclear Energy

This paper investigates the economics of deploying carbon capture and storage (CCS) on gas-fired power plants while covering its entire value chain, i.e., carbon capture, transport, and storage, and conducting a thorough sensitivity scenario analysis. Our analysis shows that adopting CCS translates into a carbon dioxide (CO2) capture cost ranging from $86 to $130 per tonne ($/tonne) for newly built and retrofit plants, depending on the natural gas price.

25th August 2024
Creating Demand for Low-Carbon Hydrogen for Industry Decarbonization: Lessons from the Electricity Sector

Creating Demand for Low-Carbon Hydrogen for Industry Decarbonization: Lessons from the Electricity Sector

Many policymakers now see the use of low-carbon hydrogen as a strong contender in terms of how to achieve climate neutrality goals. Currently, hydrogen is used in refinery processing, ammonia production, or methanol production as feedstock, where no other alternatives exist. However, new uses for hydrogen are being explored in the industry, transport, and electricity sectors, which together account for approximately 85% of global energy-related CO2 emissions.

24th October 2023
The Economics and Resource Potential of Hydrogen Production in Saudi Arabia

The Economics and Resource Potential of Hydrogen Production in Saudi Arabia

Energy transition discussions, policymakers are increasingly viewing hydrogen as a preferred emissions-free substitute for oil, natural gas and coal in hard-to-abate sectors. However, hydrogen is not a primary energy source but rather is a carrier of energy. Many factors, including its source and the technology used to manufacture it, influence its production costs. Currently, hydrogen manufacturing processes themselves have significant carbon footprints. Thus, for hydrogen to be accepted as a low-carbon fuel source, its production methods must also be decarbonized.

1st March 2022
How Can Energy Storage Catalyze the Electricity Policies of Gulf Cooperation Council Members? Issues and Options

How Can Energy Storage Catalyze the Electricity Policies of Gulf Cooperation Council Members? Issues and Options

Saudi Arabia and other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members are working in parallel to reform their electricity markets and achieve ambitious renewable energy deployment goals. The motivation for this agenda is multifaceted, and increasing economic efficiency is one of several reasons for these efforts. By introducing markets in the power sector (i.e., liberalizing this sector), these countries aim to reduce the sector’s reliance on the public budget.

27th September 2021
Electricity Sector Liberalization in Egypt: Features, Challenges and Opportunities for Market Integration

Electricity Sector Liberalization in Egypt: Features, Challenges and Opportunities for Market Integration

KAPSARC has initiated a research project to develop insights that can facilitate the establishment of a well-functioning integrated electricity market comprising the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). It aims to assess the key issues affecting electricity market integration within the GCC and wider Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region to produce insights and policy recommendations that facilitate market integration.

5th October 2020
Saudi Arabia’s Unfolding Power Sector Reform: Features, Challenges and Opportunities for Market Integration

Saudi Arabia’s Unfolding Power Sector Reform: Features, Challenges and Opportunities for Market Integration

Today, there is a physical exchange of electricity between Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. However, this is not the same as competitive trade in electricity. Numerous studies have shown the efficiency benefits of electricity trade among GCC countries. These studies inevitably make simplifying assumptions about several complex issues in the power sector of these countries to focus on the economic gains of trade. However, issues such as the availability of transparent information so that participants can trade, transmission access and pricing, the level of competition in the wholesale electricity market, the coordination of system operations, and the harmonization of power sector structures and market rules are all very important. 

21st June 2020
Oman Electricity Sector: Features, Challenges and Opportunities for Market Integration

Oman Electricity Sector: Features, Challenges and Opportunities for Market Integration

This discussion paper is part of a KAPSARC research project initiated to develop insights that can facilitate the creation of a well-functioning integrated electricity market comprising the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The project identifies and examines the key issues affecting electricity market integration within the GCC and the wider Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and suggests the enablers needed to facilitate market integration. This report focuses on Oman’s electricity sector, the liberalization of which started in 2004. The country’s power reforms are now poised to move to the next level, with the aim of creating a more competitive electricity industry in the Sultanate. Key features of Oman’s electricity market, challenges, and opportunities for market integration identified in the paper include: Nearly one quarter of Oman’s domestic natural gas production is used to power electricity generation and water desalination plants. The government’s National Energy Strategy 2040 seeks to ensure the country’s long-term energy sustainability, in part through targeting that at least 10% of electricity output comes from renewables by 2025. The private sector now owns 100% of generation capacity in Oman’s main interconnected system (MIS), and efforts have started to privatize other transmission and distribution firms. Regulatory oversight through a financially and administratively independent regulator with an adequate mandate, the Authority for Electricity Regulation, has played a key role in improving the sector’s performance and has created confidence among new industry players. In future, Oman’s gas network may be included in the regulator’s remit. Oman intends to implement a new arrangement for the future procurement of electricity through the spot market by 2020.

29th May 2019
The Challenges Facing India on its Road to a Gas-Based Economy

The Challenges Facing India on its Road to a Gas-Based Economy

Indian policymakers have stressed the role and relevance of natural gas in India’s overall energy mix in the 21st century but expectations of its share have been scaled back. For example, the Hydrocarbon Vision 2025, released in 1999, projected the share of gas would reach 20 percent of the primary energy mix by 2025, while India’s current vision puts this target at 15 percent by 2030. Now, however, India’s climate change pledge at the United Nations Conference of Parties 21 (COP21) is set to reverse this with policies to promote gas in industry and transportation as well as its complementary role in achieving ambitious renewable energy targets in the long term. Key insights Despite previous reform measures, prices for the greater part of India’s gas supplies are still government controlled and set arbitrarily rather than determined by market forces. This leads to affordability issues – the number one challenge in Indian energy policy. Indexing Indian upstream gas prices with international markets with different dynamics may not be as effective as using opportunity costs linked to liquefied natural gas (LNG) import parities or weighted average of fuel oil and coal in bringing prices closer to the market’s ability to afford them. But the delivered cost of gas includes taxes that make its use uneconomical in India for power generators and other users. ‘Postage stamp’ transportation pricing could introduce simplicity and encourage more homogeneous economic growth and market development in the short term, although the resulting long-term distortions would have to be addressed in the future. Power and fertilizer manufacturing have remained the country’s two anchor gas-consuming sectors. Lower domestic gas production than expected and higher international LNG prices have rendered the use of gas uneconomical for power generation. The growth of a gas-based economy would require expansion to industry, transport, and households. Progress has been hampered by jurisdictional conflicts between multiple regulators. This can be streamlined by strengthening the role of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board as a market operator in the midstream/downstream segment and assigning greater upstream regulating power to the Directorate General of Hydrocarbons. Gas pipelines are currently limited to regions where domestic gas production and LNG import terminals are located. Realizing the vision of a gas-based economy in India will require a clear roadmap and coherent planning approach.

29th October 2018
Abu Dhabi Electricity Sector – Features, Challenges and Opportunities for Market Integration

Abu Dhabi Electricity Sector – Features, Challenges and Opportunities for Market Integration

The emirate of Abu Dhabi was the first in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to design and implement reforms aimed at moving away from a wholly government-owned vertically-integrated electricity market structure. From 1998, Abu Dhabi introduced several policy, legislative, structural and institutional reforms to its electricity sector and the related water desalination industry. This analysis discusses reform initiatives, restructuring activities and key market players as well as the challenges and opportunities associated with increased participation in regional electricity trading. Key features of the emirate’s electricity market and challenges and opportunities associated with cross-border electricity trading include: Maintaining economically competitive self-sufficiency in power. Reducing the cost of electricity procurement by using regional interconnections is thus an emerging driver for market integration. With lower peak demand growth projections and the commissioning of a 5.6 gigawatt nuclear power plant, Abu Dhabi’s electricity sector is likely to produce larger power surpluses, encouraging cross-border electricity trading opportunities. The current single-buyer model provides limited ‘implicit’ competition in the procurement of bulk supply. There is little or no pressure on power generators to compete with others in day-to-day operations. Power trading prospects are also hampered by the lack of volume- and time-specific marginal costs. Abu Dhabi’s electricity and water producers do not receive explicit fuel subsidies. However, electricity tariffs are still heavily subsidized for many residential consumers. Abu Dhabi is exploring several options to further liberalize its electricity market. Electricity trading is likely to be recognized as a separate licensed activity, which is expected to give fresh impetus to electricity trading within Abu Dhabi, across the United Arab Emirates and throughout the Gulf region. The paper is part of a KAPSARC research project to develop insights that can facilitate the creation of a well-functioning integrated electricity market among members of the GCC and wider Middle East and North Africa region and to suggest potential enablers that could help to fill existing knowledge gaps for policymakers in the region and to facilitate ongoing efforts toward regional electricity market integration.

3rd March 2019
Energy Exchanges on GCCIA Interconnector

Energy Exchanges on GCCIA Interconnector

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) interconnection grid has linked the national grids of the six GCC countries since 2011. It is run by the GCC Interconnection Authority (GCCIA). It has been primarily designed to provide GCC member countries with alternative sources of operating reserves to improve the security of the regions’ power supply and support the reliability of supply during emergencies such as blackouts and unforeseen contingencies.

27th April 2020
Beyond Smart Meters

Beyond Smart Meters

Over the last two decades, many countries have installed millions of smart meters to improve the efficiency, reliability, and quality of service in the electric power sector. Compared with traditional meters, smart meters measure consumers’ electricity usage at 5- or 15-minute intervals and communicate that usage and other data automatically to the utility. Both electricity consumers and their utility can benefit from smart meters. They provide more information to manage electricity consumption, improve power outage detection and restoration, enhance opportunities for additional value-added services such as billing options and time of use rates, lower the utility’s costs, and enable distributed energy resources like solar and storage.

11th July 2021
Realizing the G20’s Vision for a Resilient Grid During the Power Sector’s Transformation

Realizing the G20’s Vision for a Resilient Grid During the Power Sector’s Transformation

In many parts of the world, summer and fall bring unpleasant climate events such as hurricanes, wildfires, floods, tornados, or thunderstorms that disturb energy systems, especially power grids. These events impact power demand and disturb the power sector’s supply. Electricity production can be affected by disruptions to fuel access and grid infrastructure. In particular, railways and barges are more susceptible to increased interruptions and delays during severe weather events. Renewable energy resources can be affected by changing precipitation patterns and rising temperatures. Likewise, high wind conditions can also knock down overhead transmission lines. Thus, power outages can lead to widespread power blackouts, potentially impacting thousands or millions of people across cities, regions, or countries. In some cases, utilities may be forced to implement intentional power outages to prevent power system components from being negatively affected by wildfires or other natural events.

20th August 2020
Is the Time Ripe for Private Investment in Interconnections in the MENA Region?

Is the Time Ripe for Private Investment in Interconnections in the MENA Region?

Efforts to integrate power systems and markets in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and the wider Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are gaining momentum. With rapidly growing regional electricity demand, the development of an integrated electricity market has the potential to offer a multitude of benefits to participating countries. This will require sufficient interconnection capacity to efficiently utilize surplus power while taking advantage of price and demand diversity in participating countries. Developing cross-border interconnections entails significant investment, and financing this investment has often been challenging. The Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (GCCIA), formed in 2001 to link the power systems of the GCC countries, has successfully built interconnections with ~3,850 megawatts (MW) of aggregate capacity (Figure 1). However, the existing capacity is highly underutilized for various reasons.  

2nd September 2019
A Maritime Sector in Transition – The Role of Saudi Arabia

A Maritime Sector in Transition – The Role of Saudi Arabia

The maritime sector currently accounts for approximately 2.3% of global CO₂ emissions, with forecasts suggesting that this figure could rise to 10%-13% by 2050 (IMO 2023). This significant increase emphasizes the pressing need for decarbonization to mitigate environmental risks. This commentary examines the potential role that Saudi Arabia can play in transitioning the maritime sector, given the country’s goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2060. It draws on findings from an upcoming study titled, “A maritime sector in transition – Learning from other sectoral energy transitions” to analyze and propose pathways for Saudi Arabia to play an enhanced role in the global transition of the maritime sector.

12th January 2025
US’s Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs (H2Hubs) Program Key Takeaways for Global Players

US’s Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs (H2Hubs) Program Key Takeaways for Global Players

From the launch of federal energy and research agencies in the 1970s to the enactment of legislation dedicating resources to clean energy research and the creation of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy , the US has had a rich history of market evolution. These developments have supported the US’s clean energy innovation and brought about cost-effective solutions to renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable transportation problems. Furthermore, since the 1990s, policy, regulatory, and legislative actions, both at the federal and state levels, have not only helped increase the share of renewable energy to approximately 21.5% of total utility-scale electricity generation by 2022, but their new knowledge and experiences have also positively influenced developments in other countries.

25th October 2023
Modeling of the Interconnected Middle East and North Africa Electricity System: Including Uncertainties to Better Inform Policymakers

Modeling of the Interconnected Middle East and North Africa Electricity System: Including Uncertainties to Better Inform Policymakers

The modeling of power systems can bring about insightful quantitative results to inform policymakers. This commentary reviews the literature on modeling the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region’s electricity interconnections and trade in the context of expanding variable and intermittent renewable resources such as wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) resources, evolving market and regulatory structures, and power system modeling advances and trends. This stream of literature can be enhanced by formally incorporating uncertainties to provide enhanced models with which to better inform policymakers.

26th September 2023
Insights from India’s Journey to Over 100 Gigawatts of Renewable Energy

Insights from India’s Journey to Over 100 Gigawatts of Renewable Energy

This commentary analyzes the key industry developments, policy and regulatory features, prevailing circumstances and challenges related to renewable energy (RE) in India. It also highlights learnings for other countries. As electricity is a concurrent subject as per the Indian Constitution, its policies, planning and development are jointly governed by central and state authorities. Some Indian states realized the importance of RE technologies (RETs) in the mid-1990s and began taking advantage of these constitutional provisions. By taking the lead in promoting RETs, these states initiated India’s RE deployment journey. 

7th December 2022
How Realistic Is Hydrogen for Electrification?

How Realistic Is Hydrogen for Electrification?

Hydrogen has gained considerable global support in the energy policy discourse on how to meet decarbonization targets. Due to its clean-burning properties and versatility, hydrogen is being examined as an alternative fuel source to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in various sectors, including transport, industry, building, and power. Blending hydrogen with natural gas in existing networks is considered an attractive proposition to reduce hydrocarbon use and subsequent carbon emissions while scaling up demand for hydrogen.    

1st March 2022
Electricity Sector Reforms in Abu Dhabi and Oman: What Have We Learned?

Electricity Sector Reforms in Abu Dhabi and Oman: What Have We Learned?

Chile was the first country to reform its electricity sector. The reform program was first mooted when Chile’s National Energy Commission was established in 1978; it took off with the enactment of the country’s Electricity Sector Law in 1982. This law is still cited as landmark legislation in the electricity industry. Since then, many countries have implemented reforms to revamp their electricity sectors, such as the unbundling, privatization and independent regulation in England and Wales in 1989.

20th October 2019

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