The revealed comparative advantage (RCA) is based on Ricardian trade theory, which postulates that trade flows between countries are determined by their relative productivity differences. The RCA index provides a general indication and a first approximation of a country’s competitive strength in exports. This study examines Saudi Arabia’s global and regional export competitiveness for selected nonoil export products from 2010 to 2020 via/ RCA indices.

Senior Fellow- Energy Macro & Microeconomics
Muhammad Javid is a Senior Fellow in Energy Macro & Microeconomics at KAPSARC, currently working on the KAPSARC Global Energy…
Muhammad Javid is a Senior Fellow in Energy Macro & Microeconomics at KAPSARC, currently working on the KAPSARC Global Energy Macroeconometric Model (KGEMM) project. Before joining KAPSARC, Muhammad worked as a Senior Research Economist at the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) in Islamabad. During his 20+ years in research, Muhammad has worked extensively in the areas of energy, environment, econometric modeling, forecasting, and macroeconomics. He also has experience working for various research, academic, and governmental organizations, such as King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and the Benazir Income Support Program in Pakistan. Muhammad has published several peer-reviewed articles on electricity demand, energy, inflation, and environmental issues. He received Pakistan’s Higher Education Commission’s Outstanding Research Award 2015/2016 for his research paper, “Environmental Kuznets curve and financial development in Pakistan,” published in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
Expertise
- Econometric Modeling and Forecasting
- Energy and Environment
- Water Demand
Publications See all Muhammad Javid’s publications

The Role of the Petrochemical Sector’s Exports in the Diversification of the Saudi Economy. A Scenario Analysis of the Foreign and Domestic Price Shocks
The revealed comparative advantage (RCA) is based on Ricardian trade theory, which postulates that trade…
4th February 2025
Macroeconomic and Sectoral Effects of Natural Gas Price: Policy Insights from a Macroeconometric Model
The revealed comparative advantage (RCA) is based on Ricardian trade theory, which postulates that trade…
4th February 2025