Abstract
This paper examines the impacts of integrating a high share of variable renewable energy (VRE) on power systems and markets, proposing a multi-dimensional framework to analyze its technical, economic, and regulatory challenges. A structured literature review and topic modeling are employed, and key constraints, incentives, signals, and risks associated with VRE integration are identified. The authors then propose measures to address the key challenges posed by VRE at different stages of system penetration. The analysis is illustrated with practical examples from diverse electricity systems worldwide, demonstrating a common set of solutions applied across different countries, each with distinct legal, regulatory, and technical contexts. A holistic approach – combining technological innovation, adaptive governance, and coordinated policy – will be crucial for ensuring an affordable, reliable, and sustainable electricity supply in a VRE-dominant future.
