The Group of 20 (G20) countries are experiencing or starting to experience the impacts of demographic change on their economies. The reduced working population in the G20’s aging societies necessitates a social transition to maintain labor productivity and fiscal sustainability. Given this situation, this policy brief recommends four proposals to tackle the demographic challenges on the economy: 1) improve productivity through enhanced labor participation and investment in human capital; 2) Invest in education to prepare future generations; 3) strengthen fiscal frameworks to prepare young societies to deal with the demographic transition; and 4) develop comprehensive reform for public pension and healthcare schemes in the light of demographic changes.

Fellow- Energy Macro & Microeconomics
Cian has been a member of the Energy Macro- and Microeconomics team since March 2018. Focusing on analyzing the employment…
Cian has been a member of the Energy Macro- and Microeconomics team since March 2018. Focusing on analyzing the employment benefits of the energy transition, he has authored a series of studies that shed light on issues relevant to the modern Saudi labor market in light of Saudi Vision 2030. His recent research interests include analysis of green jobs in Saudi Arabia, Saudi female labor force participation, and optimizing local content policy design. He has presented research at multiple international conferences and worked and studied in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, and Taiwan, as well as his native country of Ireland.
Expertise
- Labor Economics
- Green Jobs
- Employment Policy
- Local Content Policy
Publications See all Cian Mulligan’s publications

Green Jobs and the Saudi Gender Wage Gap: Explained and Unexplained
The Group of 20 (G20) countries are experiencing or starting to experience the impacts of…
1st September 2024
Measuring Green Jobs in Saudi Arabia: Saudis in Green Occupations
The Group of 20 (G20) countries are experiencing or starting to experience the impacts of…
11th August 2024